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Easily forming the Present Subjunctive

This is an easy way of forming the tense but I am not explaining when you use it because I have written separate articles on this. The main times that you will use it is after certain verbs and certain conjunctions.
The subjunctive is a way of expressing something that may not be a fact.
You may notice the similarities to this tense with the command (or imperative) tense.

There is a term called "personal endings". This just refers to common endings to most of the tenses for example, you may notice that all the nosotros forms end in -mos. You will need to know these but it does help with noticing the patterns in the other tenses too.

Swap the final A↔E

To form the Present subjunctive, take whatever you use for the usted form in the present tense and swap an a for an e, or an e for an a, basically, swap over a↔e. Once you have this word, add on these endings:

Subject pronoun	General "personal endings" for verbs
yo / él / ella / usted	do not add anything
(familiar) tú	-s
nosotros	-mos
ellos / ellas / ustedes	-n

For the vosotros form, take the word for the nosotros form and swap the -mos for an -is whilst keeping the stress in the same place (when speaking or writing). In writing, you will have to decide whether you use the accent or not (mostly you will) but in speech, it is easier because you do not have to think about it. Incidentally, this is what you do with some of the other tenses too.

Examples:
hablar = to speak
(usted) habla = you speak - swap the a for an e

Subject pronoun	hablar	meaning
yo	hable	I might speak
(familiar) tú	hables	you might speak
él / ella / usted	hable	he / she / you might speak
nosotros	hablemos	we might speak
(familiar) vosotros	habléis	you all might speak
ellos / ellas / ustedes	hablen	they / you all might speak

vender = to sell
(usted) vende = you speak - swap the e for an a

Subject pronoun	vender	meaning
yo	venda	I might sell
(familiar) tú	vendas	you might sell
él / ella / usted	venda	he / she / you might sell
nosotros	vendamos	we might sell
(familiar) vosotros	vendáis	you all might sell
ellos / ellas / ustedes	vendan	they / you all might sell

This method also works for verbs which has a stressed letter that splits in to two such as acertar (stressed e→ie) or aprobar (stressed o→ue). This includes some verbs that have this change and maybe some other irregularity (such as volver which has an oddity with the past participle, hemos vuelto = We have returned)
Present subjunctive:

Subject pronoun	acertar	aprobar
yo	acierte	apruebe
(familiar) tú	aciertes	apruebes
él / ella / usted	acierte	apruebe
nosotros	acertemos	aprobemos
(familiar) vosotros	acertéis	aprobéis
ellos / ellas / ustedes	acierten	aprueben

Notice on the nosotros and vosotros forms, the letter did not split up in to two because the stress is not on it.

Regular spelling changes

It is a common thing to change the spelling of some verbs (and other types of words) to keep the sound in speech. When you say these words, you do not have to think about it. Just guess. You do not have to worry about it too much when reading but if a word does look a little odd, say it and listen to how you said it. You should recognize it. It is only when writing them that you have to think about it. You may notice that the 'c' and 'g' in English are pronounced differently in front of an e or an i such as cat, certain, gate, general. In Spanish, they want to preserve sounds when words change. If you still cannot see why they change these letters, say it without changing them and the word will sound differently (apart from the last example).

Examples:

c→qu (to keep a 'k' sound)
To keep a 'k' sound, sometimes the c has to be changed in to a qu (in Spanish, the k sound is usually written as 'qu' or a 'c').
Busca, busque (if you used a 'c', it would sound something like bus-theh)

c→z (to keep the English "th" sound)
vence, venza

g→gue / gui (to keep a soft 'g' sound)
To keep a soft 'g' sound in front of e or i, sounding like the g in English (but softer, let air pass at the top of the tongue), you have to use gue or gui. These are pronounced in a similar way to the English words guess and guitar, but softer.
llega, llegue

gue / gui → g
The reverse is true
consigue, consiga (you would never spell it with ...siguea)

g→j (to keep the gutteral sound)
recoge, recoja

z→c (to keep a nice spelling)
The Spanish like the English "th" sound in front of an e or an i to be spelt with a 'c', so you swap a 'z' for a 'c':
empieza, empiece

Exceptions

The most common verbs often have exceptions. The verb estar looks like an exeption but it does follow the above pattern, it just looks a little odd (usted está→esté). The verb dar has an accent on dé to distinguish it from the word de but I have noticed that some Spanish speakers miss it out on the internet and texts. The forms for caber = to fit seem to be based from yo quepo = I fit. Notice that the accent on the nosotros and vosotros forms are missed out only when it makes no difference to the sound.

Subject pronoun	dar	caber	estar	haber	ir	saber	ser
yo	dé	quepa	esté	haya	vaya	sepa	sea
(familiar) tú	des	quepas	estés	hayas	vayas	sepas	seas
él / ella / usted	dé	quepa	esté	haya	vaya	sepa	sea
nosotros	demos	quepamos	estemos	hayamos	vayamos	sepamos	seamos
(familiar) vosotros	deis	quepáis	estéis	hayáis	vayáis	sepáis	seáis
ellos / ellas / ustedes	den	quepan	estén	hayan	vayan	sepan	sean

Verbs with e→i and o→u
Some verbs have an odd change of letter e→i or o→u. I suggest you learn these separately. Have a look at dormir, morir, divertir but servir can be formed the way I have described previously.
I will put the present tense and the subjunctive tense next to each other so you can see the changes. If this is still confusing, do not worry about it and learn it separately. I'm only writing this to show you a pattern:

e→i

Subject pronoun	Divertir Present tense	Divertir Preterite	Divertir Present subjunctive
yo	divierto	divertí	divierta
(familiar) tú	diviertes	divertiste	diviertas
él / ella / usted	divierte	divirtió	divierta
nosotros	divertimos	divertimos	divirtamos
(familiar) vosotros	divertís	divertisteis	divirtáis
ellos / ellas / ustedes	divierten	divirtieron	diviertan

o→u when the following i sounds like a y

Subject pronoun	Dormir Present tense	Dormir Preterite	Dormir Present subjunctive
yo	duermo	dormí	duerma
(familiar) tú	duermes	dormiste	duermas
él / ella / usted	duerme	durmió	duerma
nosotros	dormimos	dormimos	durmamos
(familiar) vosotros	dormís	dormisteis	durmáis
ellos / ellas / ustedes	duermen	durmieron	duerman

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